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<span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>Change in predicted number of bumble bee species of conservation concern present within level IV ecoregions of Washington between 1888-2010 and 2011-2021. This predicted number of species is based on modeling species distribution for eight bumble bee species included in the Strategy to Protect State and Federally Recognized Bumble Bees of Conservation Concern in Washington State. </span><div style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'><br /></div><div><font face='Avenir Next W01, Avenir Next W00, Avenir Next, Avenir, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif'><span style='font-size:16px;'>The predicted probability of presence for each species was developed using species distribution modeling. Species distribution modeling based on maximum entropy (Maxent) methods (Maxent 3.4.1, Phillips et al. 2006, Phillips and Dudík 2008, Phillips et al. 2017, Hijmans et al. 2021) uses recorded observations of a species, as well as a variety of climatic variables (Booth et al. 2014), elevation, and land cover (Dewitz and U.S. Geological Survey 2021) to construct a model of predicted potential geographic distribution. Results of this SDMs should be interpreted with caution given that the model included presence only data (as opposed to presence and absence data), and the predictor variables used in the models do not represent all factors impacting bumble bee distribution. As such, this SDM should be interpreted as predicted potential geographic distribution (where suitable habitat exists to support a species).</span></font><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><br /></div><div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'>Bumble bee records used to build the SDMs involved in determining conservation priority were collected between 2011 and 2021. Records are sourced from a database of more than 700,000 records of 43 species of North American bumble bees first assembled in 2014 (Williams et al. 2014) and maintained by Dr. Leif Richardson (Richardson 2022).</div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><br /></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'>Booth, T.H., H.A. Nix, J.R. Busby, and M.F. Hutchinson. 2014. “Bioclim: The First Species Distribution Modelling Package, Its Early Applications and Relevance to Most Current MaxEnt Studies.” Diversity & Distributions 20 (1): 1–9.</span><br /></font></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'>Dewitz, J. and U.S. Geological Survey. 2021. “National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 Products (ver. 2.0, June 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Data Release.” https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KZCM54.</span><br /></font></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'>Hijmans, R.J., S. Phillips, J. Leathwick, and J. Elith. 2021. Species Distribution Modeling (DISMO) (version 1.3-5). https://rspatial.org/raster/sdm/.</font><br /></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'>Phillips, S.J., R.P. Anderson, and R.E. Schapire. 2006. “Maximum Entropy Modeling of Species Geographic Distributions.” Ecological Modeling 190 (3): 231–59.</font><br /></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'>Phillips, S.J. and Miroslav Dudík. 2008. “Modeling of Species Distributions with Maxent: New Extensions and a Comprehensive Evaluation.” Ecography 31 (2): 161–75.</span><br /></font></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'>Phillips, S.J., R.P. Anderson, M. Dudík, R.E. Schapire, and M.E. Blair. 2017. “Opening the Black Box: An Open-Source Release of Maxent.” Ecography 40 (7): 887–93.</span><br /></font></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'><font style='font-family:inherit;'><span style='font-family:inherit;'>Phillips, S.J., M. Dudík, and R.E. Schapire. n.d. Maxent Software for Modeling Species Niches and Distributions (version 3.4.1). https://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/maxent/.</span><br /></font></div><div style='font-family:inherit; font-size:16px;'>Richardson, L.L. 2022. “Bumble Bees of North America: Data Contributors.” <a href='https://www.leifrichardson.org/bbna.html' style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:inherit;' target='_blank' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>https://www.leifrichardson.org/bbna.html</a>.</div><div><font face='Avenir Next W01, Avenir Next W00, Avenir Next, Avenir, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif'><span style='font-size:16px;'>Williams, P., R. Thorp, L. Richardson, and S. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</span></font><br /></div></div></div>
This layer shows the change predicted number of bumble bee species of conservation concern present between 1888-2010 and 2011-2021 by level IV ecoregion in Washington state.
Martin, M., R. Hatfield, E. May, L. Richardson, and S. Jepsen. 2023. “Strategy to Protect State and Federally Recognized Bumble Bees of Conservation Concern: Washington State.” Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation; with the Interagency Special Status and Sensitive Species Program USDA Forest Service, Region 6 and USDI Oregon/Washington Bureau of Land Management. https://www.xerces.org/publications/strategy-bumble-bee-species-conservation-concern.
<span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'>This map accompanies the </span><a href='https://www.xerces.org/publications/strategy-bumble-bee-species-conservation-concern' style='color:rgb(0, 97, 155); text-decoration-line:none; font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;' target='_blank' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Strategy to Protect State and Federally Recognized Bumble Bees of Conservation Concern: Washington State</a><span style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size:16px;'> publication. We do not recommend using, interpreting, or sharing this data without first reviewing the publication.</span>
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