20150601 08504000 FALSE MLI_VEC.MLI_SmugglingRoutesP_U 002 -8.784250 3.014590 10.451600 22.610900 1 0.000 Geographic GCS_WGS_1984 Angular Unit: Degree (0.017453) <GeographicCoordinateSystem xsi:type='typens:GeographicCoordinateSystem' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' xmlns:typens='http://www.esri.com/schemas/ArcGIS/10.3'><WKT>GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433],AUTHORITY["EPSG",4326]]</WKT><XOrigin>-400</XOrigin><YOrigin>-400</YOrigin><XYScale>11258999068426.238</XYScale><ZOrigin>-100000</ZOrigin><ZScale>10000</ZScale><MOrigin>-100000</MOrigin><MScale>10000</MScale><XYTolerance>8.983152841195215e-009</XYTolerance><ZTolerance>0.001</ZTolerance><MTolerance>0.001</MTolerance><HighPrecision>true</HighPrecision><LeftLongitude>-180</LeftLongitude><WKID>4326</WKID><LatestWKID>4326</LatestWKID></GeographicCoordinateSystem> 20150601 9573000 NAP 20150601 09570600 1.0 North American Profile of ISO19115 2003 150000000 5000 /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0a HBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIy MjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjL/wAARCACFAMgDASIA AhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQA AAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3 ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWm p6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEA AwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREAAgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSEx BhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElK U1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3 uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD3+iii gAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooACcDNVNNv11PToL1Le5t1mXcIrmIxyL/vKelW6KACiiigAooooAKKK KACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACqkMl+2pXS T28CWSqht5VlLO5Od+5cALjjHJzVuqltdzT315BJYzwR27KI53K7JwVBJXBzweDkD2oAt0VH58Iu BbmWPzyhcR7huKg4Jx1xkgZ96koAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooA KKKKACiiigAooqtf6jZ6VZtd391FbWylVaWVgqgsQoyT6kgUAONlam+W+NtEbtYzEJ9g3hCcld3X GecVPRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFBIAyTgCqum6lZ6vp8N/YTrPazDdH IucMM47/AEoAtUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAU10SRdrqrLkHDDI45FOooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiii gAooooAKKKKACiiigAoAAGAMAUUUAFFFFABRRRQAU12KxsyqXYAkKDjJ9OadRQBW064uLrTree7s 2s7mSMNJbM4cxMRyu4cHHqKs0UUAFFFVNS1GHSrFru4Sd41ZVIghaV8swUYVQSeTQBbooooAKKKK ACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKAGupeNlDMpII3L1HuKg060aw063t Gup7poYwhnuGDSSYHViAMmrNFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRUcM8NwheCWOVAzI WRgwDA4I47ggg+4oAkoqpYWk1mk6zX092ZJ3lUzBR5aschBtA+UdBnJ96t0AFFFFABRRRQAUUUUA FFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAVm6Lp0umW1xDILMK91LLGtpb+SqozEgMM nLc8txn0rSooAKKqajqVnpFk15f3CwW6sqtI2cAswUdPcirdABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUA FFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAAQD1GaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKK KKACiiigAooooAKKKKAP/9k= <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV>Smuggling in Mali has been evolving for quite some time. What started as a necessity to obtain goods to survive has evolved into large-scale drug, human, and arms trafficking. Following Algeria’s independence in the early 1960s, the majority of all trade with Mali was prohibited. For Tuaregs in northern Mali, this meant smuggling goods from Algeria became an essential element to survival necessity. In recent years, southern Algerians have become more reliant on Malian meat, which has only encouraged smuggling along the northern border with Algeria. The nature of smuggling in Mali has been traditionally one of family networks and an unwritten code of ethics, but has recently evolved into a much more violent network dominated by larger organizational structures. Smuggling now focuses on drugs, humans, and the illegal arms trade. Smugglers are predominantly young males paid with cars after completing a set number of runs. Weak governments and the inability to patrol borders have greatly enabled smuggling rings in Mali. Some of the key places of interest found in this survey were Gao and Al-Khalil.In recent years, the emergence of drug smuggling into Mali has presented itself as a means of fueling local economies and militant groups. Mali is primarily a drug transit country. Following the saturation of drugs into North America, Latin American drugs—notably Columbian cocaine—have become trafficked through Mali. These drugs are often smuggled from the ports of western Africa into Mali with the intention of making it to western European markets. Some popular ports mentioned in this survey are Nouadhibou, Cotonou, and Lome. From these ports, drugs travel to Bamako and on to Al-Khalil or Gao, which are well known trading posts for smuggled goods in Mali. It is estimated by UNODC’s regional head that 35 tons of cocaine passes through northern Mali each year. This number demonstrates the extremely high presence of drug smuggling in Mali.Arms trafficking into Mali recently spiked following Gaddafi’s fall in Libya. Many Malian Tuaregs who had previously joined Gaddafi’s forces began returning home to Mali, bringing along their weapons with them. Many of those returning joined forces with the MLNA. Due to Gaddafi’s fall, a wave of arms became available to AQIM operating in the country. This contributed to the seizure of northern Mali from the Tuareg rebels. Another source of smuggled arms is China, which ships arms through ports at Cotonou and Lome. Arms are also known to fly into Guinea-Bissau before making their overland trek into Mali. Gao is nicknamed “Cocaine Town” and is often mentioned as a central destination for the trans-shipment of smuggled goods. Research found that goods were notably sent to the “quatrieme quartier,” the Arab quarter of Gao. Also found in this research was a strip of mansions in Gao, the owners of which were known to have received their wealth from drug smuggling. The presence of AQIM leader, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, in the region contributes to the understanding of Gao as a main smuggling point of interest. Al-Khalil is of particular importance in understanding Mali’s smuggling. It is the primary stop along known smuggling corridors into Adrar and Tamanarassett in Algeria. It is reported to have training camps and weapons warehouses for smugglers. Its oldest building was used for weapons storage and was built in 1993, and is now the only home there. There are two mosques in the town, both of which are known to have been built by drug smugglers. Al-Khalil is strictly a transit point for items that are being smuggled and is dependent on Bordj Moktar for the basic necessities needed for survival. <TABLE><TBODY><TR><TD>ISO3</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>International Organization for Standardization 3-digit country code</TD></TR><TR><TD>NAME</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>Name or Type of smuggling point</TD></TR><TR><TD>DESCRIPTN</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>Description of smuggling point</TD></TR><TR><TD>SOURCE</TD><TD>-</TD><TD>Primary source</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>CollectionThis survey utilized multiple sources to determine smuggling locations. This survey does not cover all smuggling locations; however it does list influential locations, notably Gao and Al-Khalil. The sources listed below were used to determine the smuggling locations presented in this survey.</DIV></DIV></DIV> ISO 19115:2003 Transportation, Smuggling, Traffic, Trafficking, Drug, Arms, Weapon, HGIS, Human Geography Information Survey, Digital Globe NGA Geographic Names Database Republic, Mali, Africa, ML, MLI National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Source, S2, Content Management Office (SD), Geospatial Data Steward, NIPR: CMOServiceEnableTeam@nga.mil AfricaNGAEsri Data Lib This feature class depicts Smuggling in the Republic of Mali. Esri ArcGIS 10.3.0.4322 1 -8.784250 3.014590 22.610900 10.451600 2013-01-01T00:00:00 Source, S2, Content Management Office (CMO) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), SDE/SDW Geospatial Analyst/Data Steward Commercial: +1 636 321 5657 NIPR: CMOServiceEnableTeam@nga.mil 7500 GEOINT Drive Springfield Virginia 22150 USA Mali_SmugglingRoutes_NGA Source, S2, Geographic Sciences Office, Technical Solutions Division National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), SRT Data Steward Commercial: +1 636 321 5657 7500 GEOINT Drive Springfield Virginia 22150 USA <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV>Unless specifically mentioned no level of accuracy is implied. User assumes all risks for accuracy of data. The data are not to be used for navigation or targeting. This data has an unlimited use license</DIV></DIV> This metadata is compliant to the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSG) Metadata Foundation (NMF) standard (NMF-STD-020-2010). Metadata Reviewed by CCP on 2014-05-07 Unless specifically mentioned no level of accuracy is implied. User assumes all risks for accuracy of data. The data are not to be used for navigation or targeting. This data has an unlimited use license Metadata Reviewed by CCP 2014-05-07T00:00:00 Mali_SmugglingRoutes_NGA Human Geography Information Survey NGA Feature Class 13 FID FID OID 4 0 0 Internal feature number. Esri Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. OBJECTID OBJECTID Integer 10 10 0 Internal feature number. ESRI Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. SHAPE Feature geometry. ESRI Coordinates defining the features. Shape Geometry 0 0 0 ISO3 ISO3 String 5 0 0 NAME NAME String 50 0 0 DESCRIPTN DESCRIPTN String 254 0 0 GLOBALID GLOBALID String 38 0 0 SOURCE SOURCE String 50 0 0 Shapefile Source, S2, Content Management Office (CMO) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), SDE/SDW Geospatial Analyst/Data Steward Commercial: +1 636 321 5657 NIPR: CMOServiceEnableTeam@nga.mil 7500 GEOINT Drive Springfield Virginia 22150 USA withheld withheld 0.000 dataset EPSG 8.2.6 13 Simple FALSE 13 TRUE FALSE 20150601 F4018E03-15C9-46F0-981F-EFEF6E7C97A5 Source, S2, Content Management Office (CMO) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), SDE/SDW Geospatial Analyst/Data Steward Commercial: +1 636 321 5657 NIPR: CMOServiceEnableTeam@nga.mil 7500 GEOINT Drive Springfield Virginia 22150 USA withheld withheld external cec84d6d2231fc0070b73ed4adffaa18 Esri Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. 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