20220513
18275700
1.0
TRUE
<p><font size='3'>These polygons define Significant
Benthic Areas as regional habitat that contains sponges (Porifera), large and
small gorgonians (Alcyonacea, formerly classed as Gorgonacea) and/or sea pens (Pennatulacea)
as a dominant and defining feature. These habitats are structurally complex, characterized
by higher diversities and/or different benthic communities, and provide a
platform for ecosystem functions/processes closely linked to these
characteristics. The enclosure of the significant benthic areas was accomplished
by kernel density estimation (KDE), Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) using
Random Forest (RF) and observations of these taxa.</font></p>
<p><font size='3'>The study area for this analysis
is the entirety of Atlantic Canada and portions of the Eastern Arctic, which
corresponds to five major Canadian biogeographic units: the Scotian Shelf, the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador Shelves, and portions of the
Eastern Arctic and Hudson Bay Complex (DFO 2009). The species distribution
models (SDMs) were performed using DFO Marine Protected Area (MPA) planning
regions which are similar but not identical to the DFO Regions.</font></p>
<p><font size='3'>Full details of the approaches
employed, are provided in the following </font><a href='https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/Publications/ResDocs-DocRech/2016/2016_093-eng.pdf' target='_blank' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>CSAS document: Delineation of Coral and Sponge Significant Benthic Areas in Eastern Canada Using Kernel Density Analyses and Species Distribution Models (2016) </a></p>
<p><font size='3'>A summary of the Significant
Benthic Areas of cold-water corals and sponges identified in eastern Canada:</font></p>
<p><b><font size='3'>Maritimes Region (For more
details, please refer to page 98 of the report above):</font></b></p><p></p><ul><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Sponges: Significant Benthic Areas as determined
from KDE analyses. </span></li><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Sea pens: Significant Benthic Areas as
determined from KDE analyses and RF predicted presence prevalence. </span></li><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Large gorgonian corals: Significant Benthic
Areas as determined from KDE analyses and RF predicted presence prevalence.</span></li><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Small
gorgonian corals: Significant Benthic Areas as determined from RF predicted
presence prevalence.</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p><b><font size='3'>Gulf of St. Lawrence (For more
details, please refer to page 105 of the report above)</font></b></p><p></p><ul><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Sponges: Significant Benthic Areas as determined
from KDE analyses.</span></li><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Sea pens: Significant Benthic Areas as
determined from KDE analyses.</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p><b><font size='3'>Newfoundland and Labrador
Shelves (For more details, please refer to page 111 of the report above)</font></b></p><p></p><ul><li><b><font size='3'>S</font></b><font size='3' style='text-indent:-18pt;'>ponges: Significant Benthic Areas as determined
from KDE analyses. </font></li><li><span style='text-indent:-18pt;'>Sea pens: Significant Benthic Areas as
determined from KDE analyses and RF predicted presence prevalence. </span></li><li><span style='text-indent:-18pt;'>Large gorgonian corals: Significant Benthic
Areas as determined from KDE analyses. </span></li><li><span style='text-indent:-18pt;'>Small gorgonian corals: Significant Benthic
Areas as determined from KDE analyses.</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p><b><font size='3'>Hudson Strait Complex (For
more details, please refer to page 119 of the report above)</font></b></p><p></p><ul><li><font size='3' style='text-indent:-18pt;'>Sponges: Significant Benthic Areas as determined
from KDE analyses.</font></li><li><span style='font-size:medium;'>Eastern Arctic (For more details,
please refer to page 120 of the report above).</span></li><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Sponges: Significant Benthic Areas as determined
from KDE analyses.</span></li><li><span style='font-size:medium; text-indent:-18pt;'>Sea pens: Significant Benthic Areas as
determined from KDE analyses.</span></li><li><span style='text-indent:-18pt; font-size:medium;'>Large gorgonian corals: Significant Benthic
Areas as determined from KDE analyses and RF predicted presence prevalence.</span></li><li><font size='3'>Small gorgonian corals: Significant Benthic
Areas as determined from KDE analyses.</font></li></ul><p></p>
<p><b><font size='3'>Description</font></b></p>
<p><font size='3'>Significant Benthic Areas are
defined in DFO's Ecological Risk Assessment Framework (ERAF) as “significant
areas of cold-water corals and sponge dominated communities”, where
significance is determined “through guidance provided by DFO-lead processes
based on current knowledge of such species, communities and ecosystems”.</font></p>
<p><font size='3'>Here we provide maps of the
location of significant concentrations of corals and sponges on the east coast
of Canada produced through quantitative analyses of research vessel trawl
survey data, supplemented with other data sources where available. We have
conducted those analyses following a bio-regionalization approach to facilitate
modeling of similar species, given that many of the multispecies surveys do not
record coral and sponge catch at species level resolution. The taxa analyzed
are sponges (Porifera), large and small gorgonian corals (Alcyonacea), and sea
pens (Pennatulacea).</font></p>
<p><font size='3'>We applied kernel density
estimation (KDE) to create a modelled biomass surface for each of those taxa
and applied an aerial expansion method to identify significant concentrations,
following an approach first applied in 2010 to this region. We compared our
results to those obtained previously. KDE uses only geo-referenced biomass data
to identify “hot spots”. The borders of the areas so identified can be refined
using knowledge of null catches and species distribution models that predict
species presence-absence and/or biomass, both incorporating environmental data.</font></p>
<span style='font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;'><font size='3'>We present such predictive models produced using
a random forest machine-learning technique, and in one region compare the
biomass random forest models for sea pens to those produced by generalized
additive models (GAMs). Together, these distribution maps can be used to
identify significant concentrations of corals and sponges in eastern Canada; an
essential first step in the identification of Sensitive Benthic Areas.</font></span><div><span style='font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;'><font size='3'><br /></font></span></div><div><span style='font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;'><font size='3'>Original Data was downloaded from </font></span><a href='https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/hnp4xr2sy3/1#fromHistory' target='_blank' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>here.</a></div><div>Other ArcGIS Online version is available <a href='https://gisp.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/arcgis/rest/services/FGP/SBAs_Coral_Sponge_2016_EN/MapServer' target='_blank' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>here</a>.</div>
Significant Benthic Areas
Kernel Density Analyses
Species Distribution Models
Eastern Canada Biogeographic Zones
Eastern Arctic
Hudson Bay Complex
Newfoundland and Labrador Shelves
Scotian Shelf
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Sponges
Sea Pens
Large Gorgonian Corals
Small Gorgonian Corals
Delineation of Coral and Sponge Significant Benthic Areas in Eastern Canada Using Kernel Density Analyses and Species Distribution Models (2016). Links to original data are available below. This version can be used for data extraction and analysis within ArcGIS Online.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, Canada B2Y 4A2
<p style='margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6px; padding-bottom:1em; font-family:"Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif;'><a href='https://open.canada.ca/en/open-government-licence-canada' target='_blank' rel='nofollow ugc noopener noreferrer'>Please refer to the Open Government Licence - Canada</a><br /></p>
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